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There is a nice lecture on bioluminescence at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a04AZ0jMjx4 At around the 11 minute mark they have a video of fish with an organ where it can turn the bioluminescence …

Most surgical blades are steel, but some do use diamond or obsidian blades. The advantage of the obsidian blade is that the sharper with the cutting edge being ~ 30 angstroms as compared with a razor …

Mental Side Effects – if true human biology – I think the Toddler brain answer and chimpanzees and other small primates indicate that a brain size about the size of a human fist could be pretty intelligent … To make really tiny people – think you get further away from biology and have to throw in some technology to augment the purely biological systems if you want them to be human like. …

Perhaps look to the effects of islands on evolution as a model? You might not have the food pressures like a small island might have but Darwin noticed different islands had different species. Each …

This is an interesting question. There are a few aspects that might matter. The electrostatic forces on small particles are stronger than gravity. There is a tendency for charge neutrality, if the …

@Goodies gives the way to calculate the the field using salt juice concept and I would add that the durations of the pulses would need to be short, or heating can be a problem. Also as was pointed out …

Stirring up silt and fine particles from the bottom. Not only impacts visibility, but could be detrimental to the lungs and gills. The amount of dissolved oxygen that is availible is also potentially …

Sand is abrasive - so tougher skins. Perhaps the skin could be tougher or perhaps adapt to capture the sand particles to provide protection where sand could hit sand retained on the outer surface of …

Absolutely! I don't know of any mammals that display Iridescence, but I think that you could have evolutionary paths where that could be reasonable. This video shows a variety of animals with iridesce …

There are lithotrophs organisms that "eat" inorganic substrates, as well as chemotrophs. They can get an electron from Iron going from Fe2+ to Fe3+ or sulfur, or other inorganics. Some can do it with …

There is a lot going on in your question. Also, as pointed out in the comments, the wavelength you choose matters a lot. If you look up the absorption spectrum of water, you will see that there is a b …

I think you are stuck with water vapor being lost if it is exposed to the arid environment. But there can be adaptions to reduce the amount of water being lost such as membranes designed for that purp …

Take a look at the Hyperbaric chambers for both medical purposes and treating decompression sickness. Some of the hard chambers go up to 8 atmospheres and include 100% oxygen , but with scheduled air …

Treating the horns as a different question as to how for the horns could be shiny and iridescent, you can look mother of pearl on the inside of an oyster shell as a model. This is called Nacre. It is …

Rather than focusing on the dynamics of the actual lightning bolt, perhaps you could consider the mechanisms that occur before to discharge and breakdown of the air. Lighting forms from cloud to cloud …