How much would a slave cost in current day Europe?

Question

Let's assume, a legislation was passed that allowed people in Europe to enter into voluntary slavery. Everyone could choose to sell themselves. When you sell yourself, you become the full property of your owner indefinitely, and there is no limit to what the owner can do with you.

Of course, the market would regulate the prices, but for me as a writer: How would I estimate probable prices for different types or "qualities" of slaves (e.g. depending on abilities, age, etc.)?

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Clarification:

1. Only persons born in the relevant countries (i.e. "natives") can enter into slavery.

2. Nothing else about Europe would have changed (if only because that would introduce too many unknowns). It is basically the Europe of today.

3. A slave cannot own property of their own. Upon entering into slavery, the slave has to decide, similar to a testament, to whom they want to bequest what they own (including the purchase price). If the slave does not decide this, his or her property (including the puchase price) falls to the state.

4. The law about the treatment of slaves is similar to that about the treatment of animals. In Europe, you must not abuse animals and can only kill them under very specific circumstances (e.g. when the animal suffers great pain from an untreatable illness). Additionally, holding and slaughtering slaves for food or performing scientific experiments on them is not allowed. Holding adult slaves for sex is allowed.

5. Children cannot enter into slavery and cannot be held as slaves. (I haven't yet worked out all the details regarding potential children of slaves, or how to avoid them.)

Answer 1

People are Corporations Too

In many Western Countries, corporations are "people" under the law in a variety of situations; so, the best way to look at slave labor would be to invert this already questionable thought process, and treat people as corporations. A corporation can either be contracted to perform a service for you for a fee, or it can be purchased. In this since, a person who is hired is basically a corporation that you pay to do you a service, but a person you own is a corporation you've purchased and own. The reason why this is important is that we already have commonly used systems for determining the value of a corporation that could easily be applied to people too.

Since a slave's value comes from future earnings, and not current assets, the Revenue/Earnings method is the most logical approach to valuing a slave. By this method, a corporation is on average worth its next 5 years of predicted profit. In some really stable industries, it is more common to go off of 7-10 year investments, and so, perhaps younger slaves might qualify for a longer period worth, but even businesses that are super stable decade after decade generally aren't valued at more than 10 years of predicted income.

Like with corporations, this will be a subjective measurement. What skills and abilities your slave has to turn a profit with matters. Is he unskilled labor? a doctor? a pro athlete? Is your slave young and likely to become more productive as he ages, or is he old and unlikely to increase in value or worse, is he a high risk of suddenly going belly up? What is your cost of operation (food, cloths, etc)?

When you view human corporations like this, you can see their values could vary immensely. While an unhealthy unskilled Bulgarian factory line worker could be worth as little as €10,000, a young, successful football player from Luxembourg could easily go for over €10,000,000.

Why would people cost less than thier lifetime of labor?

Simply put, because slaves are investments. The whole point of buying a person instead of renting is that you take on the added risk, and reap the extra profit. If a slave (or corporation for that matter) costed as much as their entire lifetime of profit, there would be no incentive to buy one. In general, paying for something expensive upfront is not nearly as appealing as paying as you go, especially if you have no way of knowing exactly how long that thing will last or how long you will need it for. This is why corporations generally are not sold for more than 5 years of income, and why people would not be either.

How to motivate without violence

If the law says you can't murder, starve, or torture a slave, then you need to legally define murder, starvation, and torture. Which means you can stop just shy of that limit for an uncompliant slave. If starvation is defined as less than a 1400 calorie diet deficient in essential vitamins and minerals, then you can punish a slave with exactly 1400 calories of unseasoned beans and rice day in and day out, or you can reward them with a 2000+ calorie diet of seasoned and diverse meals. Not "abusing" them may not mean that you can't take away their mattress and bedding in the winter or turn off their AC in the summer, or blast loud music in their room in the middle of the night so they can't sleep, or withhold medicine when they are sick. Not harming a person is very different than taking care of them, and as long as they can work for you and only you, and you solely control the future quality of their life, then you have a lot of leverage to make them do as they are told.

In this since, modern slavery needs violence less than it did in the past because you could put a chip in a slave that employers need to scan for before they can legally hire a person. If you are chipped and someone scans you, then they are legally required to turn you back into your master just like a lost pet. This also means that an employer who fails to scan could face fines or jail time if a tagged slave ever shows up in his employment. Fully traceable tagging wont keep you from running, but it does mean that you won't have anywhere to run to.

How to avoid children getting involved

If you can't legally keep a slave who gives birth, then the value of women who can get pregnant goes WAY down. That is like buying a corporation that you know is likely to go bankrupt in the near future. This will generally lead to 2 possible outcomes. Women may become far cheaper than male slaves or women seeking to fetch the same price as a man will have to prove or provide medical sterility as part of their contracts.

Answer 2

I've spent some time on this - I think the answer is going to be scarily low.

Many people have given some excellent answers as to how much productivity the average person would be expected to do over their lifetime etc. etc.

But the more I thought on this question - the more I realized:

The type of person who would do this is likely to be someone with poor deferred gratification skills and an immediate problem they are trying to solve

It is desperation that would drive someone to this choice - and desperate people are terrible at bargaining.

Think of the likes of Hollywood and what aspiring Actors and Actresses will do for the chance of a significant role.

I doubt if the cost of a Slave, given the parameters you have set out, would reach the mid 6 digits.

Most likely, you would get a small percentage of people who did voluntarily choose that life and were hyper-productive and were able to negotiate a very lucrative fee and everyone else would be deceived by that fairy tale.

I think the answer would be something like the lump sum of 5 times the average yearly salary - which gives an answer of around $160,000 Euros.

Answer 3

In view of the clarifications to the original question, and the comment on my answer, I'd go even further than before.

Slavery makes no economic sense under these conditions.

And because it makes no (or very little) economic sense, there won't be any normal market. Without a market, no market price.

1. For normal low-skilled jobs, a slave cannot compete with a free worker whose cost of living is subsidized by the state. Many European nations have supplemental welfare programs where low income workers get extra money from the state. In others, it is practical to collect welfare and to work in the 'black' economy.
   So employers get away with wages that should not be possible in a market, because they are not high enough to cover basic food, shelter, clothing, and medical coverage for the worker. Without state intervention, these workers would starve (or revolt ...). A slave owner can probably provide worse food, shelter, etc., than most European nations find acceptable in the real world, but at some point that would damage the slave (see 3. below).
2. For high-skilled jobs, the worker is in a negotiating position to avoid selling himself.
3. That leaves jobs with low skill requirements, yet high wages. Such jobs do exist, they are sometimes called 3D: dirty, dangerous, and demeaning. Once it becomes known that slaves are likely to end up in this kind of job, selling oneself becomes less attractive (compare the news reports that Wagner is recruiting fewer prisoners, with the death toll among previous recruits given as one reason).

So this scheme would be more like an assisted suicide, with uncertain and possibly painful ways of death. That's not a predictable market.

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Initial answer:

I suspect that simple back-of-the-envelope calculations will not work. Also, the institution does not fit well with Europe as we know it. Your story, of course, but introducing one thing like that without gross changes in many other fields is problematic.

• European populations have been raised to value individual freedom. The decision to sell oneself would not be taken lightly. This intersects with a relatively well developed welfare state and with personal bankrupcy laws.
  Unless your story has "supporting" changes to those factors, you won't have people in debtors' prison, or selling their freedom to put food on the table of their family. Less desperation brings prices up. There could still be cases of people selling themselves for expenses not covered by welfare, like an experimental (or snake oil) medical procedure for a dependent.
• These welfare laws also subsidize free labor. A slaver would have to spend enough in upkeep to keep the slave at least marginally healthy and productive. An employer can leave that to the state where the laws allow "supplemental" welfare or force the unemployed into "internships" to increase their employability.
• Prices in the sex trafficking area might serve as a lower bound for the cost.
  This is assuming that the slavery laws are so inhuman that a legal sale has only benefits for the buyer, not drawbacks.

Answer 4

In principle the price would be decided by an equilibrium between offer and demand: there are many more people who can compute 2+2 than people who are able to invert 4x4 matrices out of their mind, so it's logical that the 2+2 people would be cheaper than the 4x4.

If you want to get a rough idea of the price spread, you should probably look at the price charged by sex workers in the European countries where their activity is legal or on the internet. You will probably find that, despite the service being offered is the same, there is a huge variation in the requested price, depending on a large set of parameters (age, aspect, physical features, type of activity, need for money of the worker, just to name a few).

Once you have an idea of the spread, take into account a good multiplier, considering that a sex worker will provide their services for a bunch of hours, not for their entire life, and that also they are free (at least in principle) to refuse the requests they receive, while in your case this option is forfeited.

But then this raises the question: outside of people who get indentured for covering debts, who would choose to earn those money by losing the freedom to enjoy them?

Answer 5

Completely unknowable as framed

You have to factor in too many unknowns.

1. What's the expected long term interest rate? 1%? 8%? 15% That makes a huge difference to the real cost of a slave, just like for a house. Price factor: x100? Certainly x10.

2. What's the perceived political risk relating to forced emancipation? If you think your slave will get set free by politicians in 2 years time, you simply won't pay for 40 years work. Price factor: x100

3. Who is the slave? Is it a gorgeous 22 year old woman with great management and conversational skills, and a submissive personality? Or is it a 60 year old unemployed chain smoking heroin junkie with a record of violent crime? Price factor: x100+.

Answer 6

As much as possible.

A major problem you have to contend with is what does a slave offer that an employee doesn't?

The first thing you might want to answer is "well, you don't have to pay them". True. However, if you look at an employee's salary, you'll find that a huge chunk of it goes to paying rent or a mortgage, paying for food and clothing, paying for transportation, paying for various utilities, capitalising for their healthcare, retirement, welfare in some way or another, and now you realise that if slaves have to be treated decently, then you'll have to pay for all of that too.

You might pay less of course, but it's still going to be a significant amount, and on top of that you are now legally responsible for their well-being at all times until they're dead. They wouldn't make better employees, in fact there's a good chance they would be less productive, not more. So I really have to wonder what's the benefit of owning a worker when you can rent one.

That's the inherent problem with treating people like a commodity. You can list all the costs incurred, try to guestimate them, and at the end of the day you're wondering why you're going through the trouble when there are already whole industries that figures that out for you and that you can contract to send someone to you to do various tasks.

It would really only makes sense if you can significantly cheap out on their well being and treat them as expendable, but that would contradict your fourth requirement.

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But perhaps looking at slaves like a commodity is looking at the problem the wrong way. Rather than looking at slaves as a commodity, how about looking at them as a luxury? Because luxury conveniently escapes most logic of offer, demand and profitability. It's not about cost or efficiency, it's about status.

The worse thing that can happen to a billionaire is showing up at the casino in the same car as someone else. That's why Rolls Royce works as a company: because they make custom cars for people who don't look at the price tag, and would even pay extra so their paint job is never available to someone else.

If you're rich enough to be able to afford a slave, anybody in your social circle can afford one as well. Sure, it shows the lesser millionaires who can only afford to employ a housekeeper part-time, but it's still incredibly pedestrian.

You don't want a slave, you want the slave that'll set you apart, who looks healthy, well-fed, well-clothed, educated, charming, and not doing anything except stand near you. They don't fetch your drinks, because again anybody can pay people to do stuff for them, but you can afford to pay someone to do nothing. How baller is that?

Naturally, you'll want a unique slave, or at least a slave from a reputable vendor. And at that point, you just give them your account number because looking at the price tag would almost be vulgar.

Answer 7

No need to imagine

I suggest you research the economics of modern slavery. This is a well-researched subject. I suggest you google modern slavery - price of slave in Europe and variants on that. There plenty of facts and figures.

Example

Buying a sex slave in Romania need not take more than a few hours and around £300.A word or two from the right type of people and the buyer can be in the appropriate district of a major city such as Bucharest the same evening. There will be men standing on the street who will call out a woman for inspection. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/apr/06/Iraqandthemedia.news

Answer 8

€800,000 to €2 million

There's a meme going around that a 'career' takes up 80,000 hours of your life. At a cost-of-labour of €15 per hour, that would be €1.2 million. Or at €10 an hour it's €800,000

Insurance companies answer your question as their job. What is the monetary value of a human life? The Wikipedia on Value of life says "In Western countries and other liberal democracies, estimates for the value of a statistical life typically range from US $1 million- 10 million". Your scenario is people voluntarily selling themselves into slavery, so they'll be the more dispossessed segments of that spectrum.

Answer 9

Unfortunately the question as asked is probably not what OP intends

When you sell yourself, you become the full property of your owner indefinitely, and there is no limit to what the owner can do with you.

There is no sane upside or profit motive for selling yourself as the owner apparently owns your assets.

The only reason to enter slavery is abject desperation (debtors, poverty, "money to save your relatives") and will be a case-by-case basis for where someone's desperation meets someone else's wallet and repulsive morals.

The top answers currently in this thread (and, I think, as OP intends) are more akin to "selling yourself into a lifetime work contract with defined after-work/weekends".

Answer 10

Very little - probably order €0k-€10k.

Entering slavery is an act of desperation, taken only by people who are trading everything for a warm bed and regular meals. They have no ability to argue for higher recompense since their choices are so dire.

It's possible a small boutique market in salaried "slaves" would emerge for particularly high performing slaves where there are big money trades but the money goes to the owner not the slave, similar to how the transfer market for footballers works in the real world.

These slaves would end up being well rewarded since there is no other way to make them work well. Since slaves cannot own property, this would have to be in the form of benefits such as luxury houses, access to private chefs, high end clothes and cars, etc.

Answer 11

As others pointed out, the price would become an equilibrium. However, it wouldn't be a simple equilibrium of supply and demand. Rather, the way you would utilize the slave would put a cap on the price.

I can think of two ways of looking at this. One is that of looking as the slave as an investment, much like a piece of machinery or livestock. In that case, you would look at the expected return on investment. If prices rise too much, the ROI would become too low, and demand would drop.

This also highlights another aspect of your question: slavery ended to a large extent not because people thought it was immoral (most people always thought so), but because it no longer made economic sense. Slaves simply became more expensive, and less productive, than tractors and other pieces of machinery that required a skilled and motivated worker, rather than a resentful forced laborer.

Realistically, sadly, odds are that there would be an ample supply - history shows that even when slavery is illegal, there tends to be an underground market for human trafficking with shockingly low prices. Note that this doesn't necessarily mean that slaves are cheap; they still need to be housed and fed and guarded against rebellion etc. However, this market probably does not meet your criterion of "voluntarily" becoming a slave - people in human trafficking are usually the victims of some kind of desperate situation.

The other way to look at the question is through the lens of history. Your version of Europe would be very similar to the southern US states in the 1850s (with adjustments for technical and societal development, of course). Research the prices of slaves back then, and compare them with the average incomes of white people.

Another note: the price will heavily depend on how the properties of the slave. You will note that prices at historic slave auctions vary widely based on sex, age, health status, and skills of the slave.

For instance, a male field laborer in his 40s (very old) would be worth far less than a 20-something who knows welding. Unsurprisingly, young beautiful female slaves would fetch particularly high prices.

All that said, there is a completely separate scenario that would lead to probably very different outcomes. You mentioned the slaves becoming slaves voluntarily. There are people (few and far between, but they exist) for whom the motivation is something other than desperation, they want to be slaves for their own reasons (sometimes sexual, sometimes non-sexual reasons), either permanently, or for a limited time. Whether this is a good thing or not is not something I want to get into here, as that would be a complex intersection of societal mores vs. unintended consequences vs truly free informed consent. Just saying that these people do exist, very rarely.

There are some novels around that concept that may be illuminating for you. One is a trilogy called "The Marketplace" by Laura Antoniou.

Note that this is fiction. In the real world, very few people (a non-zero number) would go that far, and such a marketplace would likely not be sustainable in reality. Consequently, pricing would be all over the place and essentially random.

Now I need to go and get upset. Your question is perfectly valid in the context, but the thought of trading people like livestock does make me sick. That's not a criticism of you; and may even be the point of what you are writing, but it is hard to deal with mentally.

Answer 12

Normally, around 250 000 euro per person.

250k euro is about as much as society/parents need to invest in a person for them to become a useful employee. Selling for less is pointless, unless the person is used in a way completely unrelated to their skillset and mental capacity (ex: sex slaves).

Of course, 250k is absolutely nonsensical to pay upfront for a worker.

The solution: PERSONAL INCORPORATION. If a corporation can be a person, then a person can be a corporation! A future slave does not sell themselves to one owner. They have their shares publicized at birth, and Shareholders can invest in the child until it finishes their education, at which point they enter "corporate slavery" until they pay back the Shareholders, preferably with interest.

Shareholders are incentivized to invest heavily in children and young people, so everyone's life improves. Shareholders are also disincentivized from harming their slaves, because that would kill their investment, plus one Shareholder cannot mistreat the slave without the consent of other Shareholders, and Shareholders rarely agree on anything except the safest, most conservative options.

Slaves are disincentivized from trying to "cheat" the Shareholders and withhold labor, because that way they will never retire to Personal Freedom, and lose all the comfy benefits their indenture provides. You do not want to under-perform and have your Shares sold-out for pennies!

Finally, Incorporated Slavery provides one nice option: Slaves can own shares in other slaves, and those slaves in other slaves, etc etc, ad infinitum, until the whole society is criss-crossed with shareholding relationships. At this point, nobody would really want to rock the boat by abusing their slaves, or being a lazy slave, because it would conceivably shake the whole Stock Exchange and make everyone very angry at them.

Example, meet Jim. Jim is a 25 yo software designer from Ireland. He is very good at his job, because his shareholders invested in best possible education for him, and best possible psychological tutoring, to make Jim a happy, ambitious and motivated guy. Jim is still fairly young, so his Mom holds 51% of his Shares, Soft-Tex Inc owns 40%, and the rest is owned by Jim's friends and his current Girlfriend. Jim is not free to quit his job, but really, he does not want to, not just because he was brainwashed into liking it, but because doing so would bankrupt his Mom, piss off his Significant Other, and harm his relationship with his friends. If Jim has an under-performing month,his Shareholders immediately call him to check up on his physical and mental health, and show maximum support, because they literally have a stake in his well-being.

Jim is 100% a slave in a society that essentially destroyed free will. He is also significantly happier, richer, and better adjusted to his society than we are.

Answer 13

~$55,000US or 50,757euro for a healthy adult male based on correcting historic prices

Prices of slaves was well documented in the US, https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c0606/c0606.pdf

during this 1800s new slaves were few and only from breeding, since the importing of slaves was illegal, this drove the price up, similar to how it would in a modern setting were few people volunteer.

A healthy unskilled adult male went for around 1500 dollars in 1860, if we adjust that for inflation we get around $40 - 55,000.00. depending on the method of calculation.

Longer life expectancy might boost that a bit.

skilled labor of course cost more, as did younger slaves.

This puts them at still significantly cheaper than even illegal paid farm labor today who would cost that much in as little as 3 years.