# Tag Info

77

About 30km/s; that it to say, the velocity cannot change at all if you wish to maintain the same orbit. Every circular orbit is associated with exactly one orbital velocity. Every general elliptical orbit is associated with exactly one velocity profile--one specific apoapsis velocity, one specific periapsis velocity, and one specific curve in between. If ...

70

Nothing special about 10. It's likely that the aliens would develop a system with a radix (base) of whatever number of fingers/toes/tentacles that they had easily available to count with. And as TheBlackCat pointed out, there are many options beyond that. There's even different base systems among humans. For instance, the Babylonians used a base-60 system, ...

54

You imply that mathematics is some fundamental root of the entire universe. While there are many who agree, this is not a fully agreed upon assumption. Many would say what you describe just any other world, only with different math, that looks feels and tastes just like this one, because mathematics is nothing more than a human construct. (as SJuan76 says ...

45

I think the question is not so much what we can do without zero, but how zero could remain undiscovered when humans begin to advance. One of my favourite quotes from one of my favourite contemporary mathematicians (Roger Penrose) is that it's always possible to create an equations from numbers of a given type whose answer falls beyond that type: Positive ...

44

It strongly depends which area of maths you're talking about. Category theory is basically new, so before the 1950s or so, it just didn't exist in anything like its modern form. Combinatorics has been around for a long time, but before Erdös it looked very different. Before Newton and Leibniz, the notion of calculus wasn't very clear, and its notation would ...

38

Technically, if he went all the way back to the beginning (where it was just starting), he won't have to relearn anything (as nothing had been invented). He can simply use his own knowledge, and it will become the norm - others will learn whatever he writes, and he won't have to learn anything new.

38

Absolutely not. Even on Earth, we routinely use other bases. Computer scientists use binary (base 2), hexadecimal (base 16), and octal (base 8), as well as decimal, very routinely. Various world cultures (past and present) have used number systems with all kinds of bases. There is a base-12 number system called Dozenal (or Duodecimal) that has some real ...

34

I'm interpreting this question as "Is there a large(ish) natural number, the knowledge of which is evidence of advanced maths, and which is in some sense universal" The theory of groups is of fundamental importance. It arises naturally from the analysis of symmetry, a basic property of nature. Among the groups, some have no normal subgroups, and such a ...

33

I think the knowledge would simply be lost in time unless they actually have use for it. A tribe of post-neolithic settlers have very little use for differential equations and stuff of that level. And even simpler stuff like linear algebra would not be helpful to them. Basic math is easily applicable in everyday life. Even in simple non-currency-based ...

30

If the Sun were more massive than it is now, then the Earth would have to move faster to maintain the orbit that it currently has. The formula for the rotational velocity is $v^2$ = (G • M) / R, where v the velocity, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the sun, and R is the radius of the orbit. As an example, if the Sun had four times the ...

29

Something like a Vigenère cipher with a very long keyword. If the keyword is long enough, it approaches a "reused one-time pad". While reusing an one-time pad is a bad thing, proper exploits require a lot of computer power that might not be available to the attacker.

29

Tic-Tac-Toe, or any other solved game that lets either player force a tie. Solved games, especially easy ones to remember like tic-tac-toe, can be pretty boring because both players can play their optimal winning strategy regardless of what the opponent does. This means if both players of a game of tic-tac-toe are playing optimally, then it will only ever ...

28

Step back from the context of worldbuilding for a moment, and look at this from the context of storytelling. What purpose does the number system serve in your story? In-universe a different base might have advantages, but does the reader care about that? Are you trying to extol the virtues of a dozenal system to your readers? Is the difference in number ...

28

Volume is the cube of length. Therefore, if the length of a human drops by a factor of x; the volume drops by a factor of x$^3$. Therefore, a 3" person is $$\frac{3}{72} = 0.042$$ the length of a regular person, then he would be $0.042^3 = 0.000072$ times the volume (and mass) of that person. Multiply that factor by 200 lbs to get 0.014 lbs; or 0.2 ...

26

The use of prime numbers in communication is talked about in Prime Numbers and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Here's one method: Create a rectangle. Divide it into units, such that each side has the length of a certain prime number. Encode images into the rectangular grid by making each square black or white (or a dot or a dash). Take apart ...

26

A sequence of Pythagorean triples should do it. 3, 4, 5 5, 12, 13 8, 15, 17 9801, 1980, 9999 1001, 501000, 501001 The beginning of the sequence is very recognizable in pattern and works with single digits. The second two are the next two Pythagorean triples, basics of geometry. Then you get into larger ones. The math ($a^2 + b^2 = c^2$) is easy to check ...

24

While the symbols we use to describe mathematics are a human creation, the underlying truths of math are not. The relationship between π and the radius/circunference of a circle, the square-cube law and the relationship among speed, time and distance were part of the universe before humans existed, and will continue to be after humans are gone. Any aliens ...

23

No, mathematics is not a universal language. It is, however, the study of universal truths. As long as both parties have studied the same truths, differences in language can quickly be figured out by both sides. For instance if we met a race of aliens that use the octal number system we could very quickly figure it out and share discoveries with each other. ...

23

Essentially you end up with very little, maths makes the world go around. Without maths you have no: Computers Anything that requires computers Precision engineering and manufacturing Physics Elements of chemistry Economics Elements of biology Astronomy (in terms of understanding orbits, etc) And the list goes on, and on, and on. Now, some things can be ...

23

The lack of a zero would not limit mathematics as much as you would think. Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to have a place-sensitive number system without any digit to represent zero. It's slightly cumbersome, but can represent any rational number except zero itself. How it works: (Note: I'm going to first give examples in base ten, and then ...

23

A math professor is not a math exercise book, then why would he limits his help to math? He most likely also knows a good amount of physic and informatic. He could obviously store some of his advanced math theorems and physic theories (carved rocks), for the times when some people will actually be able to understand them and use them but i think that's not ...

22

Others have immediately pointed out that base 10 is a human thing. Note that bases 12 and 60 are more “for a reason” and may show up in the aliens’ cultures too! (More on that below.) But let me point out that a “base” (positional system) is not the only way to go. Even we know about Roman numerals. I’ve seen authors be “more alien” by defying the very ...

20

Invent his own language - although known before, late 19th century is when the constructed languages took off for real. Add an unusual alphabet of his own design, and everything is set. Though it could be "decrypted" with a lot of effort, especially if there are pictures or an occasional word from a natural language, it's still rather improbable. Though ...

20

The question itself is not really answerable. Since Death gets to choose which games he is willing to play, we can't achieve a 35% win rate unless Death wants to give us a 35% win rate. Thus we need to work to the motivation of Death. What does death want? I can't speak for Death here, because Death's motivation isn't in the question's text. However, I ...

19

Yes, they could break the RSA encryption algorithm. RSA encryption consists of encoding a message using the product of two very large primes, a little easy (known to us) mathematical work with this number produces two keys; which we call the public key and the private key. The public key can be published and known to everybody. It is not a secret; it is ...

17

Dates between the years AD 201 and AD 299 in both the Julian and the proleptic Gregorian calendars are the same for the same day. Before 201 Julian dates are a little "later" than the proleptic Gregorian dates for the same day; for a random example 14 August 60 AD Julian is the same as 12 August 60 proleptic Gregorian. After 299 Julian dates are "earlier" ...

16

I suspect you may be overthinking this. Why not just transmit a simple geometric progression like, say: 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187, 6561, 19683, 59049, 177147, 531441, 1594323, 4782969, 14348907, 43046721, 129140163, 387420489, 1162261467, ... The first few numbers are small enough that the pattern should be easy to spot, but they increase rapidly. ...

15

Use Base Twelve! There are actual people out there that think we, in real life, should count in base 12. It's called the dozenal system. People have historically counted in other units, like the Aztecs counting in 20. A Numberphile video with Prof. James Grime claims: the number of factors that go into 12 make it easier for multiplication and division ...

15

This is a rather philosophical question. Math is assumed to be an universal language of nature, with the ratio between a circle and its diameter being always $\pi$ allover the universe. As Galileo said, the book of nature is written in mathematics What can change is how the concepts are expressed: what we call $\pi$ might be called anything else by an ...

14

The question you ask is not really the question you seek. The answer to what you asked is boringly simple: "No, a mathematical constant cannot change because mathematical constants are defined to be not changing." While there are some philosophical questions about whether mathematics could indeed be the underpinnings of reality, mathematics is more ...

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