What are reasonable densities for terrestrial planets?

Earth's density is about 5.51 g/cm^3 and it's the highest density in the Solar System of a terrestrial planet. I understand that planet density is partially determined by various factors, including its composition and gravity. I want to play with densities, like increasing a planet's density by as much as x2 Earth density and the like, but I am not sure if this is reasonable. I looked at some exoplanet information, but densities were not readily available. Is is somewhat normal for terrestrial, Earth-like planets to have densities 7-11 g/cm^3, or is that not very prevalent in the physics of the real world?

• 3 factors determined planet density: star temperature as the wind will blow away lighter elements, gravity for matter to clump like a moon that hit Earth long ago and finally self gravity which is the main reason Earth dethroned Mercury! (Btw K2-38b is the densest rocky planet known) Feb 17 at 6:15
• Thank you for mentioning a high-density planet. I was having difficulty finding such things online. K2-38B is said to have a density of around 11 g/cm^3. However, the density of iron is about 7-8 g/cm^3. How is it possible to have a density higher than iron?
– Xi-K
Feb 17 at 6:21
• It's not clear in the wiki, but I'd guess that the core is thought to be proportionally denser as the pressure increase at the core is higher there. Feb 17 at 10:10
• "I looked at some exoplanet information, but densities were not readily available." I google "exoplanet density" and instantly get all the useful plots. You'd be faster consulting google than posting here. Feb 17 at 14:37
• @Tantalus'touch. Yes I suppose the core pressure would make the density greater the deeper into the planet you go, with the average density being the one we record. If the density on the surface were the same as iron, then the greater core density would allow an average density greater than iron. Thanks!
– Xi-K
Feb 17 at 20:32

If you look at my answer to the question: Mars sized planet with 83% Earth gravity? you will see I discuss this and the evolution of my thinking.

In our solar system Earth has the highest density of all the planets, at 5.514 t/m$$^\sf3$$, then Mercury (5.427 t/m$$^\sf3$$), followed by Venus (5.243 t/m$$^\sf3$$).

Earth and Venus are what I call conventional terrestrial planets: they formed from the accretion of solar disc dust. It is speculated that Earth collided with Theia which resulted in Earth what it is today and the Moon, but both Earth and Theia were both formed from solar disc dust and the Earth has differentiated geological structure: large core, thick mantel and a thin crust.

Mercury has a large density for such a small planet, which is very unusual.

The most widely accepted theory is that Mercury originally had a metal–silicate ratio similar to common chondrite meteorites, thought to be typical of the Solar System's rocky matter, and a mass approximately 2.25 times its current mass. Early in the Solar System's history, Mercury may have been struck by a planetesimal of approximately 1/6 that mass and several thousand kilometers across. The impact would have stripped away much of the original crust and mantle, leaving the core behind as a relatively major component. A similar process, known as the giant impact hypothesis, has been proposed to explain the formation of the Moon.

So Mercury is the remnant core of what was once a larger planet.

In answering the question I provided a link to, I answered it over a number of days and I researched the exoplanet K2-38b. It is 1.55 times the size of the Earth, but it's mass is 7.3 times that of Earth, resulting in an average density of 11.0 t/m$$^\sf3$$. This is is one of the highest densities for any planet yet discovered.

Like Mercury, it is speculated that K2-38b is the remnant compressed core of a large planet that was stripped of its outer layers by a collision or some form of celestial bombardment.

This leads to your question "what are reasonable density for terrestrial planets?"

If your are considering planets that have not been stripped of their outer layers then densities similar to Earth's, about 5.5 t/m$$^\sf3$$ are reasonable.

If your are considering planets that have been stripped of their outer layers then anything up to 20 t/m$$^\sf3$$, would appear reasonable, given that K2-38b was initially thought to have had a density of 17.5 t/m$$^\sf3$$.

If you are considering planets that would be habitable, that gets trickier. Life requires certain metals to exist, such as iron, copper and zinc. The planet must contain such metals in an easily obtainable form on the surface of the planet - they can't be locked away in the core or the mantel. Though heavily metals locked away in the core are required for gravity.

The mass of a planet will be determined by the amount of material it contains. Generally, the more it contains heavy metals the more mass it will have.

Average planet density, gravity and escape velocity are dictated by the mass of the planet and its radius. You can't just consider density, you have to consider it along with planet size, mass, gravity and escape velocity.

For a planet to be habitable, as with temperature, atmospheric composition and pressure, there will be a Goldilocks zone for gravity as well and this will be linked to planet density.

Copying verbatim from my answer to another question.

Having high quantities of heavier metals/elements is rather implausible: the heavy elements in the periodic table take a long time to be produced

Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number.

In the Milky Way 10 elements, of which the heaviest is iron, account for 99.95% of all the elements, so you see that a very high concentration of heavier elements is unlikely.

It might still happen that a rocky planet is stripped from the lighter crust and retains a large core made of iron, like it's the case for Mercury:

Mercury consists of approximately 70% metallic and 30% silicate material. Mercury's density is the second highest in the Solar System at 5.427 $$g/cm^3$$, only slightly less than Earth's density of 5.515 $$g/cm^3$$

Therefore, for it to have such a high density, its core must be large and rich in iron.

Mercury's core has a higher iron content than that of any other major planet in the Solar System, and several theories have been proposed to explain this. The most widely accepted theory is that Mercury originally had a metal–silicate ratio similar to common chondrite meteorites, thought to be typical of the Solar System's rocky matter, and a mass approximately 2.25 times its current mass. Early in the Solar System's history, Mercury may have been struck by a planetesimal of approximately 1/6 that mass and several thousand kilometers across. The impact would have stripped away much of the original crust and mantle, leaving the core behind as a relatively major component.

The relative abundance of elements will practically forbid you from making a very dense planet. For every amount of osmium that can get, there are many more of lighter elements which will dilute it.

• So you're saying that, regardless of mass or gravity, a terrestrial planet's density cannot be higher than that of iron, or 7-8 g/cm^3? And, if it were 7-8 g/cm^3 density, that would be a nearly 100% iron object? Does this mean that a terrestrial body cannot have a density higher than, say, 6 or so g/cm^3?
– Xi-K
Feb 17 at 6:17
• @Xi-K something made largely of iron seems to be stretching the definition of "terrestrial" quite a bit, but it isn't impossible. Something natural and planet-sized made of elements heavier than iron seems implausible. Feb 17 at 9:35
• I see. What if a planet were to undergo what Mercury went through, but its final mass were greater than Earth. Isn't that what is suspected to have occurred with K2-38b, a high-density planet another commenter mentioned? I wonder if this could be done in such a way that the resulting planet post-stripping of its outer layers could end up being habitable (liquid water on surface/rocky ocean floor, etc.).
– Xi-K
Feb 17 at 20:43

To get a density of an exoplanet or other body you are interested in for reference material, use this equation: $$\rho = { {mass} \over {volume}} = {{mass} \over {4/3 \pi radius^3}}$$

Some benchmarks:

• 900 kg/m3 water ice
• 1,000 kg/m3 fresh water
• 1,200 kg/m3 salt water
• 2,200 kg/m3 graphite (ash)
• 5,000 kg/m3 silica (glass) aka rock
• 7,800 kg/m3 iron