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Game of thrones has Orell who uses an eagle to scout the area. And in the real life, birds of prey have up to 8 times visual acuity of the humans. They are able to see white rabbits camouflaged in a snow from 4 miles away.
Assuming we could somehow train them, and/or selectively breed them, to something like a dog level, would they be useful as a scouts in a medieval army?
Canine units are great at detecting certain things, be it bombs or cadavers or drugs. They are trained through "constant repetition and reward" according to a detailed article from Smithsonian Magazine. A dog will detect a smell of interest and then "alert," when means the dog tells its handler that there's something interesting. It's then up to the handler to investigate further. The dog only gives a notice that the human might want to check out what's going on over there.
Expanding this approach to your falcons, you'd send them up to look for something and then they would alert when they found it. What does that mean? Well that depends on how you've trained them. Maybe they learn to look for the enemy's uniform pattern; maybe they look for anybody in a patrol area that's supposed to be empty; maybe they look for specific kinds of weapons. You could train them for any of these things. Their alerting behavior is also up to you. For example, they could fly a barrel roll when they notice something, or maybe they react in a certain way after landing (perhaps because they expect a treat for finding the thing).
In short, you have a lot of options. As other answers have pointed out, you can except very low information density from your falcons, just like a bomb dog won't tell you much about the bomb it just found. The real advantage comes from being able to deploy your scouts more effectively. If you know that most of the sectors around your camp are devoid of people, you can send scouts only to those areas where the falcon alerted.
The simple answer to your question is "no." But let's run with the idea a bit and flesh it out some more.
Could a falcon in either a late medieval or Game of Thrones styled fantasy setting be used in any way like an AeroVironment RQ-14 Dragon Eye recon drone? If so, how? If not, why?
I picked that particular UAV for a reason. It's small, small enough to be carried by a single soldier in his/her backpack. Its primary surveillance system is visual and its primary control system lends itself rather well to the fantasy half of this answer.
The Problem: Communication
Falcons are smart little honkers, and with training can become smarter still. But the fundamental problem with using a falcon for pretty much anything other than fetching lunch is communication. A falcon's eyesight is wonderful, but what's the point of that eyesight when what you need to know is
In the gulch 2 km from my launch point and 37.5° north of the setting sun are two battalions of Orcs including two supporting mages and 18 ballista. Well supplied and well rested. They appear to be staging for an advance.
And what the falcon is actually thinking is...
Military engagements, no matter how patterned they may seem, are actually quite chaotic and unpredictable. How to train a falcon to tell the difference between four ninja sneaking through a forest and four skittish deer? How to train the falcon to remember where a previously unknown river is? How to get it to express the idea, "they're over there!"
I'll be completely honest with you. I think all the training in the world would produce a falcon that's good for scouting maybe one thing only. And as soon as you changed valleys, it's worthless.
Unless you forget medieval Europe and stick with fantasy Game of Thrones.
The cool thing about the RQ-14 Dragon Eye is the way it's controlled: the soldier uses a pair of video goggles that let the controlling soldier see what the drone sees in real time. Cool!
Call it fate! Call it luck! Call it Karma! Oh, all right... Call it magic! Whatever hand waving you use to explain it — your soldiers need to see through the falcon's eyes, the need to sense what the falcon senses (especially alarm or alertness) and have the ability to "feed back" commands to direct the falcon. This (IMO) enhances your story because while a Marine will directly control an RQ-14 without argument (unless it's fighting weather conditions... or flak...), the falcon may actually have other ideas (Mouse!) and the rustler must coax the bird to do as needed. The relationship between rustler and bird would need to be very tight (e.g., another trainer would be hard-pressed to control the bird if the primary was inconveniently killed. You know, while he/she was zoned out seeing through the bird's eyes. "Sire, Galadriel sees two battalions of Orcs 2 Km from here about... ARGH!")
Conclusion
So, I think this is a very cool idea, but the simple answer to your question is, IMO, no — no amount of just training will permit a falcon to be a scout to any useful degree before or during a battle.
But if you work with the limitations and shake a little Game of Thrones salt and RQ-14 Dragon Eye pepper onto your story, I think that would be very cool.
P.S.: I've never seen a single episode of GoT, but I just read @Punintended's comment and I see the OP already had the answer I just presented. My apologies to @Punintended for inadvertently making an answer out of his/her comment.
Sure, trained eagle scouts could be useful. However, it seems to me that the greatest benefit will come from making your opponents believe that you have trained eagles, whether you actually use them or not.
Think about it - every time an enemy camp sees an eagle or bird of prey fly overhead, they’ll get paranoid. They might even waste resources by trying to shoot it down, if they’re suspicious that it’s a trained bird. They’d have to spend a lot of extra (possibly unnecessary) effort to hide their camps in places that cannot be spotted by birds.
The psychological effect that this will have on the enemy seems more feasibly useful than birds’ utility as scouts.
it depends. A raven would be even better as those have good ability to learn languages and speak.
also, crows and raven are so common, that most never give them a second thought, not to mention underestimate them. I Live in Alaska, and there, unless you're actually looking for them, ravens go unnoticed.
The birds have been trained to recognize and steal enemy decorum.
Flags, badges, a knife or arrow? Anything will do! If there is someone in this restricted area, the mission of the bird is to steal something from them.
At most, the bird would only be able to use this method to communicate that a possible enemy exists in the territory. No specifics. And there may be a lot of false positives!
This behavior exists in birds today, magpies in particular are known for stealing shiny things. Perhaps this behavior could be exploited given enough time and training.
Eventually they'll pick the area pretty clean as well! Why don't we train falcons for litter cleanup. . .?
Yes, they could indicate the position and direction of travel of a military force which would make them invaluable .
The Israeli military are reportedly pursuing a similar concept for covert scouting
Ambush detection, flanking maneuvers...etc. That is how I think they make the most sense.
See a scout that tells you: hey, there is an army over there. Is not very useful unless they provide exact distance, their numbers, their allegiance...etc.
So using them for scouting seems like a complete waste of time. A human soldier with a human eye might take much much more time with a bigger chance of detection. But with the human soldier he will relay exact accurate, most of the time t least, information that will help you draw your battle plans and actually be of tactical value. But an animal that can't answer that won't be so useful.
Now a very important point if they can distinguish friend from from foe. Also what type of friend or foe! For example can it tell infantry from cavalry apart?
This gets complicated real fast when you factor allies but this is the nature of warfare.
However for here is how I see it.
General detection!
You are marching through thick woods, you use your falcon. The terrain is rough and you need to camp for the night, use the falcon. You you besieging a city and the opposing nation might send allies, the falcon. You are crossing a river and want to find out a good spot, falcon again. Mountain passes, guess what to use Merely using it to report large groups of humans that you know for a fact should not be there could be extra helpful if done fast enough.
In all those scenarios you know that there is no detachments of your army or allies marching with you. So the mere presence of large humans is a red flag.
That requires less intelligence of course and can be used in a two step verification process.
Spot the humans, and send your own human scout while assuming the worse.
And knowing the terrain is another part of a scout's job.
Lastly it could be useful in actual battles if it can detect the enemy troops and disposition. Might be a long shot but imagine the classical examples of a detachment of the enemy that managed to outflank you.
Or in certain cases if the cavalry, usually the most mobile troops so it makes sense, of the two armies were just fighting somewhere and then only one group returns. Well. You better make sure it is your own cavalry that won that battle.
Lastly I have to say that they would be used and useful in the field. But by far the most useful thing for them is to aid border control and well as used in castles.
Oh man. A castle with such a trained falcon can do so much and have so much time to prepare that it can probably survive whatever siege the enemy has in mind.
