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Here is the scenario: A Paleo/Mesozoic mass extinction wiped out 96% of all terrestrial species, and the only plants that survived were as follows:

  • One genus of conifer
  • One genus of cycad
  • One genus of ginkgo
  • One genus of seed fern

Once the ashes had cleared, the survivors found more than plenty of room to spread. So each group expanded into four basic forms--tree, shrub, vine and herb. The extinction event happened before the evolution of true angiosperms, so the question is: Could any of the gymnosperm groups independently evolve fruits and flowers like angiosperms?

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Many gymnosperms have specialized reproductive structures (cones and strobili) which, in part, have functions similar to angiosperm flowers, although of course they are not homologous with flowers. Some are conspicuous and colorful, even. And there are many gymnosperms which have structures analogous (but not homologous) with angiosperm fruit.

(Note that the modern view is that extant gymnosperms, the Acrogymospermae, form form a clade; the angiosperms are thought to have evolved from a gymnosperm ancestor; so that the Gymnospermae lato sensu are a paraphyletic grade. Hat tip to Jack Aidley for pointing this out; Wikipedia agrees, quoting M.J.M. Christenhusz, J.L.Reveal, et al. "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms", in Phytotaxa 19:55–70, 2011, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3.)

Flower-like structures

The female reproductive structure of the sago palm (Cycas revoluta)

The female reproductive structure of the sago palm Cycas revoluta - from the Montreal Botanical Gardens. Photograph by Nadia Prigoda, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY 2.0 Generic license.

Male cone of Cycas circinalis

Male cone of Cycas circinalis. Photograph by Phyzome, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported license.

A fleshy female cone of Ephedra intermedia

A fleshy female cone of Ephedra intermedia, a gymnosperm shrub. Photograph from Yang Y, Wang Q, "The Earliest Fleshy Cone of Ephedra from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Northeast China" (2013), PLoS ONE, 8(1): e53652, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053652. Available on Wikimedia under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Fruit-like structures

Aril of Taxus baccata

Aril (pseudo-fruit) of Taxus baccata, the yew-tree, a conifer. Photograph by Didier Descouens, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International license.

An aril (pronounced /ˈærɪl/), also called an arillus, is a specialized outgrowth from a seed that partly or completely covers the seed. [...] The aril may create a fruit-like structure, called (among other names) a false fruit. [...] Such arils are also found in a few species of gymnosperms, notably the yews and related conifers such as the lleuque and the kahikatea. Instead of the woody cone typical of most gymnosperms, the reproductive structure of the yew consists of a single seed that becomes surrounded by a fleshy, cup-like covering. This covering is derived from a highly modified cone scale. (Wikipedia, s.v. Aril)

Cycas media megasporophylls with nearly-mature seeds on a wild plant in north Queensland, Australia

Cycas media (a cycad) megasporophylls with nearly-mature seeds on a wild plant in north Queensland, Australia. Photograph by Tanetahi, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International license.

Araucaria angustifolia seeds

Edible seeds of Aruacaria angustifolia, a conifer. Photograph by Rodrigomorante, available on Wikimedia under the CC BY 3.0 Unported license.

Conifer nuts are the edible seeds of conifers, which includes most notably pine nuts (family Pinaceae) and Araucaria nuts (family Araucariaceae). (Wikipedia, s.v. Confier nut)

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    $\begingroup$ I like most of this answer but the opening statement is incorrect. Gymnosperms are defined not by the lack of flowers, but by the lack of a containing structure for the seed. Also, while gynmosperm is not a monophyletic clade (inevitable since angiosperms evolved from them), the group containing all extant gymnosperms (and those mentioned in the Question) - the Acrogymnospermae - is a monophyletic clade. $\endgroup$ – Jack Aidley Feb 18 '19 at 15:59
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    $\begingroup$ @JackAidley: The first point is purely etymological; the flowering plants are synonymous with the angiosperms. The second point is valid, which should teach me to look up modern phylogeny before writing. Edited the answer. $\endgroup$ – AlexP Feb 18 '19 at 16:54
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    $\begingroup$ It's true that "the flowering plants" is a popular term for the angiosperms but it's never been definitional, and "not the flowering plants" has never been the definition for gymnosperms. $\endgroup$ – Jack Aidley Feb 18 '19 at 16:58
  • $\begingroup$ This is the very first definition, for reference: biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31948#page/92/mode/1up $\endgroup$ – Jack Aidley Feb 18 '19 at 18:42
  • $\begingroup$ I was going to mention Yew but you got there before me. $\endgroup$ – Ash Feb 24 '19 at 12:06
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Yes, because they already did.

AlexP makes some excellent points in the argument above, but he misses the simplest one: angiosperms already evolved from gymnosperms, therefore it must be possible.

As in the answer above, there are several papers both recent and archaic discussing the phylogeny of angiosperms, but most modern plant biologists agree that the flowering plants form a clade within the “naked seed” plants. As Jack Aidley points out, this makes the gymnosperms paraphyletic. At some point, the fruiting bodies that we call, well, fruit - and the flowers that go with them evolved from the gymnosperm forms we see today.

Because it’s happened this way in nature already, it’s entirely possible and even rather likely that your surviving gymnosperms will evolve to fill the evolutionary niches that have been opened by the extinction of the flowering plants. However, it should also be noted that the new species will not be considered a single clade as the angiosperms are today, because they’re emerging from four common ancestors rather than a single one.

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  • $\begingroup$ This was going to be my answer as well. It already did, so yes.+1 $\endgroup$ – James♦ Feb 21 '19 at 19:41
  • $\begingroup$ Actually in my answer it is explicitly mentioned in the second paragraph that angiosperms are thought to have evolved from a gymnosperm ancestor. $\endgroup$ – AlexP Feb 21 '19 at 21:38

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