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A alternate-historical story is set in a third-world country some time in the 70s or 80s. The country operates similarly to any semi-developed country in central or south America. The countryside is barely developed, with maybe some token schooling. In the cities there is some technology, like airplanes and cars. The country has an armed police force (or soldiers), again present primarily in the cities. The vast majority of the citizens live in poverty.

It possesses one unique feature: they capture, persecute, and possibly kill autistic children.

What would cause a culture to persecute people with autism?

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    $\begingroup$ Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. $\endgroup$ – L.Dutch♦ Nov 12 '18 at 12:04
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    $\begingroup$ They may crack overpriced vulnerable cipher systems just by looking at a page of numbers. This is the premise of the refreshing Mercury rising film. $\endgroup$ – KalleMP Nov 12 '18 at 18:19
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    $\begingroup$ We already do. Autistics fundamentally observe, think, and understand differently from everyone else, even from other autistics. But instead of stopping to understand that, and to see the unique ability in each one that comes directly from that difference; we punish them for "rebellion", "disrespect", or whatever else comes to mind at the moment, because they don't behave as expected. From that to persecution is simply a change in perspective. $\endgroup$ – AaronD Nov 12 '18 at 18:46
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    $\begingroup$ Why did the Nazis persecute Jews and seek for racial purity? Why did Americans enslave black people? Why did the Bosnians commit acts of ethnic cleansing after intermarrying for generations? Because without strong, personal convictions, people don't like things that are different and act to remove them from their lives. $\endgroup$ – JBH Nov 12 '18 at 20:32
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    $\begingroup$ For the same reason left-handed and redheaded people were persecuted. $\endgroup$ – SZCZERZO KŁY Nov 13 '18 at 16:41

12 Answers 12

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A fictitious (not fantasty) story is set in a third-world country sometime during the 70s or 80s. The country operates similarly to any semi-developed country in central or south America. The countryside is barely developed, with maybe some token schooling. In the cities there is some technology, like airplanes and cars. The country has an armed police force (or soldiers), again present primarily in the cities. The vast majority of the citizens live in poverty.

It possesses one unique feature: they capture, persecute, and possibly kill autistic children.

Superstition.

Autistic children can (in all honesty) behave Very, Very Strangely. If you're highly religious, then an autistic child can look demonically possessed.

Some people want to exorcise the demons ("the power of Christ compels you!") but others (and they just happen to be the ones in power) want to drive a stake through their hearts and bury them in pits in unsanctified ground.

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    $\begingroup$ this actually is the reason behind the 'changeling' myth $\endgroup$ – AzaleaGarden Nov 11 '18 at 16:20
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    $\begingroup$ And you might consider that in some parts of Africa (TODAY), the body parts of albinos are considered to be sources of magical power. The result is a low survival rate for albino children. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism $\endgroup$ – WhatRoughBeast Nov 11 '18 at 17:29
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    $\begingroup$ @WhatRoughBeast: "The Ghost People" won the gold prize of the Intl festival of TV production in 2015 - a documentary on this exact subject by M Wojciechowska (traveller & head of the polish office of National Geographic). imdb.com/title/tt8059014. I had the occasion to see it in Monaco, this is a haunting (and great) movie. $\endgroup$ – WoJ Nov 12 '18 at 13:25
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    $\begingroup$ @Joe a "barely developed, with maybe some token schooling" in the countryside of a "semi-developed country in central or south America*" won't have any problems with ADHD, since they won't be nailed to desk chairs 6 hours/day. $\endgroup$ – RonJohn Nov 13 '18 at 1:48
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    $\begingroup$ @RonJohn : So you've never dealt with children with severe ADHD. Because telling them what to do doesn't work. And telling them to do the same thing day after day sure as hell doesn't work. If you're lucky, they'll try to make a game of it to make it interesting -- but that means taking riskier and riskier behavior and they might get hurt. Maybe they'll only get distracted and not actually do the job. But if you're not lucky, they'll rebel -- temper tantrums, get aggressive, etc. It won't take long before someone says they're demonically possessed because they're not "normal". $\endgroup$ – Joe Nov 13 '18 at 4:07
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Eugenics + Poverty

It actually happened.

If you feel like hating humanity you can look up the practise of forced sterilization, which was quite widespread even 40 years ago. And you still see genocides in 3rd world countries of undesirables, it is not a far stretch to connect autism with undesirables. All you need is a tiny bit of propaganda in a paranoid or stressed society and they would have no problem doing what you describe, real countries have done exactly that.

In 1933 the Nazi passed the ‘Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring’, allowing for the forced sterilisation of those regarded as "unfit". Only a few years later they included panels for deciding which disabled people should be "mercy killed" instead of just being sterilized. They kept it hushed up enough most families though the people were just being put in special care facilities, later they would be told they had died of some common disease. The first gas chambers were invented because letting disabled people starve to death in camps took to long. Most of the techniques they applied to later concentration camps actually started as techniques for "solving" the disabled problem.

If poverty is as common as you say people in your fictional country will likely welcome such measures for the financial burden they remove, poor farmers often could not afford to feed the disabled. Also keep in mind shame can easily keep people from checking on institutionalized family members so you may not even see much checking to begin with, so the lies only need to be paper.

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    $\begingroup$ In fact, autism diagnosis was popularised in part because a guy called Hans Asperger figured that he could convince the government to keep some of the kids around if he showed that they were gifted in some respects. Too bad for the autistic people without special powers though en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Asperger $\endgroup$ – Cubic Nov 12 '18 at 15:20
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    $\begingroup$ "Eugenics was practiced in the United States many years before eugenics programs in Nazi Germany,[5] which were largely inspired by the previous American work." That's not to defend the Nazis, but to highlight a part of history that always seems to be forgotten. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States $\endgroup$ – Frisbetarian Nov 13 '18 at 12:53
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    $\begingroup$ I did reference that the practice was very wide spread, A llist of every country that practiced it at one time or another would likely include most of the countries on the planet. I choose to highlight the nazi practice becasue it was one of the few to practice mandated killing on a large scale, which fulfills the "possibly kill" requirements of the question. $\endgroup$ – John Nov 13 '18 at 15:55
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For the same reason that autistic people often have trouble in most societies today: The tendency toward literal observation and very direct speech. This can cause all sorts of trouble (think about telling your boss exactly what you think of her management style), and just "refrain from commenting honestly" can be difficult enough, much less the polite lies that are the typical social lubricant.

Combine this emperor-has-no-clothes straightforwardness with a society where political correctness is Serious Business, such as the Soviet Union (where people were afraid to be the first to stop clapping for political speeches), and you have a situation where being autistic (or inconveniently honest in general) will get you disappeared.

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In WWII concentration camps targeted "problem" DNA, things that "ruined" the human race like genetically passed defects, homosexuality, and (of highest priority) the Jewish race.

As awful as that is, it's a real event, and it only happened ~80 years ago. Your story could follow a similar thing, where the intention could seem noble to some (who have 0% compassion or humanity) to "purify" the country of autism.

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    $\begingroup$ Ah, good old eugenics. If you pull it off right (don't kill people, merely ... dis-incentivize ... reproduction), it might even be accepted among its people and not cause massive uproar on the mere mention of it. $\endgroup$ – John Dvorak Nov 11 '18 at 15:04
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    $\begingroup$ Less extreme: Canada sterilized thousands of men, women, and children who were deemed "unfit" from 1928 to 1972. People who were deemed "mentally defective" were sterilized without consent. $\endgroup$ – Tiny Giant Nov 12 '18 at 16:59
  • $\begingroup$ @TinyGiant, forced sterilizations continued in Canada until 2017 (as per the article you linked and recent news stories). $\endgroup$ – George Steel Feb 27 at 19:39
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NOTE: My notes are for the United States, though there will be many similarities with other industrialized countries. And non-industrialized countries.

This is not unique.

Capturing and persecuting disabled children (in other words, putting them in institutions) was a very common response to "difference" in most of the 20th century and also some times before.

I know people who were institutionalized (with the approval of their families) for having Down Syndrome or juvenile arthritis (which doesn't affect intellect, just walking and using your arms). Even children with something as simple as club foot ended up in institutions.

Kids who needed physical adaptations to their environment (places to roll their wheelchair...or the wheelchair in the first place) were institutionalized when they were too big to carry around. Changing the location of the kid was easier than changing the infrastructure.

Mental health issues also were something that frequently pegged people as "unfit" for society. This included women who spoke out against sexism, people of color who were too "uppity," people suffering from trauma (especially things one didn't talk about, like being raped), and people with actual mental illness.

Historically, there were not a lot of people with autism in institutions. Simply because autism wasn't very common. Now it's extremely common (plenty of studies show that only a part of it is due to changes in diagnostic criteria and the increase in diagnosis overall). But if we were still a society with large amounts of institutionalization directly due to disability, the institutions would be filled with autistic children and adults too.

So if your fictitious society targets autistic children, it may simply be because autism is perhaps the most common condition in children with disabilities that aren't overly physical (blindness, losing a limb, etc).

We still have group homes and the like but they are not institutions and they are not for small children. Those kids who can't be with their families mostly go to foster care. But, guess what? We still have capture and persecution of people with disabilities in the US. It's called prison. Huge percentages of modern day prisoners are people with mental illness (often masked by self-medication aka drug abuse) or people who don't "fit in" in some manner or people with other kinds of disability.

With American-style prisons for profit, there's an incentive to increase the prison population. So, if you're part of a marginalized community, it doesn't take much to get sentenced. Then you're put to work. You get paid almost nothing while the prisons take payment from the companies who benefit from the cheap labor.

I'm talking about real life here. I'm not making this stuff up.

So if your world has a lot of people with autism and a lot of oppression of people who are different, then people with autism will be targeted. The only thing you have to do differently from real life is the fact that autism was not common in the 70's and 80's and is not common in 3rd world countries.

Adding to my answer as at least one person finds insufficient evidence of persecution:

What I describe above was not about lack of resources but was a systematic attack on anyone who was disabled. All of this was part of the eugenics movement (which did not originate in Germany in the 1930's, though they took it to new levels). In Nazi Germany, people with disabilities were rounded up and murdered. These murders largely took place before the concentration camps were fully set up. Institutions were emptied as people were massacred. People with mental illness and visible disabilities were taken from their homes to be killed.

In the US and many other countries, women with disabilities (especially anyone with an intellectual impairment or mental illness) were sterilized without their consent. In many cases, without their knowledge; they sometimes found out after years of unsuccessfully trying to have children with their husbands. Women of color with disabilities were especially targeted.

This was straight up eugenics. Lots and lots of documentation about this. The leaders of this movement were not secretive about what they were doing or why.

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    $\begingroup$ Back when institutionalism was the norm for disabled children, parents agreed to it because no one had disabled children at home (hardly anyone). There were no resources to care for a child with special needs at home or for them to attend public schools. So parents didn't object, or at least not strongly, when doctors recommended the child go into a "home." As for the killing part, well accidents happen, ya know. Children act up and are punished. See, she/he was a bad seed and it's a good thing you didn't keep her/him. She/he was sick anyway. She/he's alive, you just can't see her/him. $\endgroup$ – Cyn Nov 11 '18 at 4:26
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    $\begingroup$ This does not describe persecution. It describes societies that don't know enough the problems and aren't rich enough handle things at home. $\endgroup$ – RonJohn Nov 11 '18 at 7:52
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    $\begingroup$ I added a section in my original answer to address your comment. This was not about "whoops, we don't have the resources." It was straight-up eugenics wrapped up in a blanket of what today we would call concern trolling. $\endgroup$ – Cyn Nov 11 '18 at 15:40
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    $\begingroup$ -1 Just for reiterating the tired old myth about autism only being a recent thing. $\endgroup$ – motosubatsu Nov 12 '18 at 12:31
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    $\begingroup$ @Graham Now it's extremely common (plenty of studies show that only a part of it is due to changes in diagnostic criteria and the increase in diagnosis overall). suggests that Cyn didn't mean diagnosis there. TBH the rest of Cyn's answer is pretty damn good - that bit just hits a nerve for me as it uncomfortably echoes the rhetoric of the fake "autism support" groups like AoA. $\endgroup$ – motosubatsu Nov 12 '18 at 15:27
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Because it's contagious.

Seriously. Some old study, possibly done by/under a previous government that's now seen as The Best In History by the currently governing party, could have found some strange but not readily disprovable results leading that autism might be contagious. Add news networks, lack of education, illiteracy and a predisposition to believe whatever comes from the capital, and it's a perfectly reasonable scenario.

It would also explain why they persecute people with autism and not with physical disabilities, as other answers suggested.

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Why not take inspiration from the current reasons/ways autistic people are persecuted?

The belief that the "normal" child has been somehow replaced by the autism is a recurrent theme and could easily be segued into belief that the child is somehow possessed, or that their soul has been removed (Thanks Jenny!). Particularly in those who have displayed so-called "regression" and the non-verbal or those with vocal and physical tics.

Those of us who have more what would be classed as HFA/Aspergers, while not quite as Hammer-horror possessed-seeming commonly display behaviors such as difficulty making appropriate eye contact which can make us appear untrustworthy, deceptive or aggressive and attempts to imitate neurotypical social cues can also do this.

If you don't want to take the religious angle there is also the common misconception about it being a disease - from there it's a short hop to people treating them as lepers.

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Utilitarianism

The members of the society might think that undo effort would go into maintaining members of the population that are autistic. Socialized medicine in Iceland has either eliminated or nearly eliminated Down syndrome by enforcing public policy in medicine to require doctors to guide expecting mothers towards terminating pregnancies with Down syndrome due to the cost associated with the provision of national medical resources. Combine the frugality of a poor nation with the likely stress associated with those that have mental illness on the medical community, and all you need is a change in moral viewpoint on what is or isn't murder. Look no further than Nazi Germany for how the definition of murder can be changed for adults in a society.

Fear

This is a big one. A government or ruling class could convince the entire population that "the autistic" have no emotion like normal human beings and are thereby violent, unhinged and no capable of existing in society. Those with autism often have outbursts that without the correct understanding could be viewed in a very twisted light. Many autistic individuals lack the ability to emote like those without autism. A government could hype up the population around psychopathy and the idea of psychopaths with no emotion being "terrifying" (just look at the recent sociopath scare on YouTube). It would not be difficult to make a jump from psychopathy to autism with a population that didn't have the best education (poorer countries poorer education generally speaking).

Fear and Utilitarianism

It might serve you well to utilize class-ism to the extent of these two separate motivations. The rich or ruling class looking at the health care costs and loss of productivity in families that have an atypical person, and the poor masses being convinced of a crazed maniac caricature of the autistic much like what was done with Marijuana smokers with "reefer madness" or anyone not "Aryan" in Nazi Germany.

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  • $\begingroup$ I think you misunderstand utilitarianism pretty badly. $\endgroup$ – forest Nov 12 '18 at 2:19
  • $\begingroup$ forest I understand utilitarianism very well, and I mostly support it. Utilitarianism isn't bad. My personal philosophy is that nothing is good or bad, but it certainty isn't "fascism" or something that charged. Anything can be used in a good or bad way, so I think you misunderstand my position on concepts like utilitarianism. $\endgroup$ – David Kamer Nov 12 '18 at 2:21
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    $\begingroup$ Perhaps you are referring to utilitarianism being used (incorrectly) as an excuse. Because we as humans are constantly evolving, the utilitarian decision would be to not engage in eugenics as the genetic diversity brought by those with autism is beneficial in the long run. $\endgroup$ – forest Nov 12 '18 at 2:23
  • $\begingroup$ forest wouldn't the decision about what is or isn't utilitarian be the question? I'm not going to argue that purging the autistic is utilitarian or not, but my answer contains information on how one could come to that conclusion. I don't think that everything utilitarian is good, and if you do then it becomes a belief system, not a tangible concept. $\endgroup$ – David Kamer Nov 12 '18 at 2:27
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    $\begingroup$ Let us continue this discussion in chat. $\endgroup$ – forest Nov 12 '18 at 2:39
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I'm assuming that you mean people with obvious autism rather than normal-functioning autism which even with modern diagnosis can be hard to detect. The basis would be misunderstanding autism. Just like people think that autism can be caused by vaccines or that having disabled children can be as a punishment from God/Allah/whoever.

Religious punishment is an easy scapegoat. You or your parents are being punished for something and if society gets to interact with you they might get punished as well. Or any other number of reasons such as their idea of how holy they are could get tarnished by interacting with autistic people.

Society can also find it hard to deal with them and will simply punish them for it. In some cultures we already see that people are ashamed of having children with a disability and they'll be kept inside most of their lives. While others put them in homes away from society or lock them up. We also see a lot of victimshaming and victim punishment such as people who have been subject to rape getting locked up rather than the rapist. It took more than a hundred years and several world wars before a large portion of (western) humanity actually started protecting people with disabilities.

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I guess I would be curious as to why it is labeled “autism”in a third world country? It could labeled many other things for many other reasons which would better describe a justification for their persecution. Perhaps, “retarded” or just sick or something. I would add it probably is not a reflection of any intelligent society to “persecute and possibly kill” these people with autism because the evolution of humanity might depend on such minds and personalities. I could see a “demon hunt” on such people if they lack empathy or have been proven to show uncontrollable behavior that lacks explanation. So like I said, “autism” may or may not be a reason. But if this is an idea for a book you are writing, perhaps they (country) has decided evolution is less important than pragmatism. And pragmatism can easily use these “autistic” people as examples or use them as experiments or anything else. They could also persecute them into behavior modification and have them be the ones who hunt themselves down. Which would be a wonderful irony about society. Ha!

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Because some of them see through established propaganda and group think and can therefore become very politically dangerous if they manage to make people realize they have been fooled. That would be the real reason. The scapegoat reason? Hmm I don't know what would be easiest. If society is religious, maybe you can claim their social and mental differences are because they are evil or don't have a soul or something.

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One possible reason could be that people with autism have been scapegoated to blame for the mass poverty amongst its citizens. Whenever a society hits hard times it will always look for something to put the blame on even if that something had absolutely nothing to do with it.

Another possibility could be that autism is seen to cause more problems for the country's society and that people with autism are better to be gotten ride of. Many "modern" societies have similar trains of thought and many people often treat autism as a burden or something to be avoided with many encouraging people with autism to do their best to control and hide their autistic tendency's. Now this usually isn't so bad in well of societies like in the U.S. or Europe but in a country that is on hard times like the one you have described, people are going to be much less tolerant of such things and will go to extreme lengths to "rectify" the problem.

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