If one's mortality suddenly respected the morals of the culture which they identify with, then sociopaths and perhaps certain psychopaths would be immune. The human race would therefore survive your moral plague, but they would be thin on the ground after the dying began.
Extreme hermits and maybe megalomaniacs might also survive as the former makes their own rules and the latter holds themselves above all rules.
Now for its effects upon our world, I would assume that nobody, outside of the previously mentioned mentally ill, will survive. Further the accumulation of dead bodies and the resulting decay and bacterial growth, will wipe out the few who remain. This is an E.L.E.
There would be a few lucky ones, who happened to stay pure minded during the initial massive waves of death. In the unlikely event that I was among those survivors and lived long enough to learn that virtue iswas now a survival skill, I would get and stay so insanely drunk that my moral compass would be drown completely. Then, in the inhibition-free zone of the extremely intoxicated, I might live for a few more days, blissfully unaware that I am stretching my culture's expectations to a now fatal level,
...until either my buzz or my liver givesgave out.