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Oct 6 at 19:26 vote accept Tanya
Oct 6 at 18:44 comment added Tanya @AlexP I think I understood that the line of black dots denotes their planes around the barycenter and what angle we are talking about. And that above 73 latitude the planets will either rise slightly or disappear behind the horizon. I also took libration into account. Thank you! Sorry, I don't fully understand all the terminology, so sometimes I'm dumb.
Oct 6 at 18:35 comment added AlexP @Tanya: This animation. In this animation, the Moon plays the role of the target planet. (Note that the axis of the Moon is only tilted about 6° with respect of its orbital plane around Earth, so that its libration in latitude is only about 13°, instead of 34° as in the case considered in the answer.)
Oct 6 at 18:32 comment added AlexP @Tanya: Because the axis of rotation of the observer's (orange) planet is tilted with respect of the plane of their orbital plane around the barycenter, the target (blue) planet appears to move in the sky north and south. Because the axis of rotation of the target (blue) planet is tilted with respect of the plane of their orbital plane around the barycenter, the north and south poles come in and out of view during the day. They don't rise and set, they move into and out of the visible part. There is a beautiful animation in the Wikipedia article of libration showing this effect for our Moon.
Oct 6 at 18:25 comment added Tanya @AlexP Thank you very much! That's great! Can I ask a couple of questions, so I'm not sure if I understood everything correctly? When you say, "what does affect the visibility of one planet from the other is the fact that their axes of rotation are not perpendicular to the orbital plane of their revolution around the common barycenter", does this mean that the individual axes of rotation are tilted relative to the plane along which they rotate around a their barycenter of mass? And did I understand you correctly that at the poles the other planet will rise and set during the day?
Oct 6 at 1:58 comment added Ash I came here to say this, probably without diagrams, perfect answer. +1
Oct 6 at 0:01 history edited AlexP CC BY-SA 4.0
Corrected figures
Oct 5 at 23:52 history answered AlexP CC BY-SA 4.0