There are lots of substances we (as in humans with labs) cannot synthesize in large quantities, especially if handedness (chirality) is important. For those we generally rely on microorganisms, genetically modified or plain, sometimes on cell-lines from organisms, and sometimes on cells in organisms. Graphene is only hard (for us) to produce in larger sheets, small flecks of it will be generated by simply pulling a piece of graphite over a piece of paper (also called writing with a pencil). Graphene has no properties inherently bad for biochemisry, so there is nothing stopping cells from producing it.

There are an infinite amount of different possible molecules (finite but mindbogglingly large if you restrict size to finite), and a finite amount of molecules synthesized in cells - this is because evolution is the driving factor in advances the cellular biochemistry - alterations of already established processes can produce different molecules, but this 'new' pathway needs to: Create a molecule that works with existing cellular machinery to create an advantage, not create any disadvantages on the way (other reactions that damage the cell), not be too costly energy-wise, etc - in sum there needs to be a positive net effect of this new pathway, otherwise evolution will not promote it.

So every biochemical pathway present (up to the point of first human geneticist's intervention) was, at one time, randomly formed from an existing pathway, netted a positive effect, and was present in an organism that did not die off.

There are a lot of reactions that do not look like they could be beneficial (pathways that produce oxygen as a side-product, or ones that use oxygen, for instance, as O2 is actually quite corrosive...) but are, if all things are tallied up. Some pathways might be very hard to evolve from preexisting ones, as they drop or use toxic molecules left and right, but on the face of it no reaction is totally impossible - high reaction temperature is usually possible to be circumvented by using enzymes, extreme toxicity is circumvented by putting a membrane around, etc.

Yes!

There are lots of substances we (as in humans with labs) cannot synthesize in large quantities, especially if handedness (chirality) is important. For those we generally rely on microorganisms, genetically modified or plain, sometimes on cell-lines from organisms, and sometimes on cells in organisms. Graphene is only hard (for us) to produce in larger sheets, small flecks of it will be generated by simply pulling a piece of graphite over a piece of paper (also called writing with a pencil). Graphene has no properties inherently bad for biochemisry, so there is nothing stopping cells from producing it.

There are an infinite amount of different possible molecules (finite but mindbogglingly large if you restrict size to finite), and a (relatively) small finite amount of molecules synthesized in cells - this is because evolution is the driving factor that advances the cellular biochemistry - alterations of already established processes can produce different molecules, but this 'new' pathway needs to: Create a molecule that works with existing cellular machinery to create an advantage, not create any disadvantages on the way (other reactions that damage the cell), not be too costly energy-wise, etc - in sum there needs to be a positive net effect of this new pathway, otherwise evolution will not promote it.

So every biochemical pathway present (up to the point of first human geneticist's intervention) was, at one time, randomly formed from an existing pathway, netted a positive effect, and was present in an organism that did not die off.

There are a lot of reactions that do not look like they could be beneficial (pathways that produce oxygen as a side-product, or ones that use oxygen, for instance, as O2 is actually quite corrosive...) but are, if all things are tallied up. Some pathways might be very hard to evolve from preexisting ones, as they drop or use toxic molecules left and right, but on the face of it no reaction is totally impossible - high reaction temperature is usually possible to be circumvented by using enzymes, extreme toxicity is circumvented by putting a membrane around, etc.

There are lots of substances we cannot synthesize in large quantities, especially if handedness (chirality) is important. For those we generally rely on microorganisms, genetically modified or plain. Graphene is only hard (for us) to produce in larger sheets, small flecks of it will be generated by simply pulling a piece of graphite over a piece of paper (also called writing with a pencil). Graphene has no properties inherently bad for biochemisry, so there is nothing stopping cells from producing it.

There are lots of substances we (as in humans with labs) cannot synthesize in large quantities, especially if handedness (chirality) is important. For those we generally rely on microorganisms, genetically modified or plain, sometimes on cell-lines from organisms, and sometimes on cells in organisms. Graphene is only hard (for us) to produce in larger sheets, small flecks of it will be generated by simply pulling a piece of graphite over a piece of paper (also called writing with a pencil). Graphene has no properties inherently bad for biochemisry, so there is nothing stopping cells from producing it.

There are an infinite amount of different possible molecules (finite but mindbogglingly large if you restrict size to finite), and a finite amount of molecules synthesized in cells - this is because evolution is the driving factor in advances the cellular biochemistry - alterations of already established processes can produce different molecules, but this 'new' pathway needs to: Create a molecule that works with existing cellular machinery to create an advantage, not create any disadvantages on the way (other reactions that damage the cell), not be too costly energy-wise, etc - in sum there needs to be a positive net effect of this new pathway, otherwise evolution will not promote it.

So every biochemical pathway present (up to the point of first human geneticist's intervention) was, at one time, randomly formed from an existing pathway, netted a positive effect, and was present in an organism that did not die off.

There are a lot of reactions that do not look like they could be beneficial (pathways that produce oxygen as a side-product, or ones that use oxygen, for instance, as O2 is actually quite corrosive...) but are, if all things are tallied up. Some pathways might be very hard to evolve from preexisting ones, as they drop or use toxic molecules left and right, but on the face of it no reaction is totally impossible - high reaction temperature is usually possible to be circumvented by using enzymes, extreme toxicity is circumvented by putting a membrane around, etc.