Given current technology: getting to mars is difficult enough with the complication of getting humans there alive and well, but I'm going to leave "how do we get there" out of it, or maybe address it later.
Now time to address each matter in turn:
1) Gravity
There was a similar question asked a few days ago, to summarise the answers: if you're staying on Mars for a few years, as long as you have dietary supplements, and do regular exercise (every day) you can probably get by for a decade(estimate), but beyond that we don't have any real data so we can't say for sure
2) Radiation
Earth has a magnetic field, which helps us survive by blocking out a lot of the radiation (also the ozone layer helps by absorbing UV)
Mars, however does not have this, because Earth has a hot Iron core, whereas because mars has a higher surface area to volume ratio, its own core has cooled, which allowed radiation to strip away the atmosphere, and means that lots more radiation compared to earth can hit the surface.
However, Mars does have a thin atmosphere, which will stop all of the alpha radiation, and probably a good 99+% of the beta radiation, which leaves gamma and you don't really have to worry about it, maybe do a monthly checkup for exposure to long term low level radiation and then keep them inside the base if they show signs of radiation poisoning. But this shouldn't be an issue, the film The Martian is very scientifically accurate (apart from the storms) and the suits shown in that :
would block out any remaining beta radiation, and you can't worry too much about gamma, there is gamma radiation passing through you RIGHT NOW, but most of it is so low energy it passes clean through you.
3) Surface density
now, for drilling and refinement lets have some context: The average density of continental crust is about 2.7 g/cm3, but the mean density of Mars is 3.9 g/cm
However, given how advanced mining technology is, this probably isn't an issue, just bear in mind that Earth equipment will have to be adapted slightly to account for low gravity: if you take a sledgehammer and hit it on the ground, you don't move, however on Mars or the Moon, if you hit a sledgehammer hard enough, you will move off the ground due to conservation of momentum. As for the moons... let's just start off with Mars and see where we get to. Mars contains a lot of useful minerals and metals, as long as you can send spaceships (like the one seen in The Martian) back and forth, you can set up the exact refinery equipment you need (this will be very expensive).
4) Communication
With a permanent base on Mars, communication will always be an issue, until you have the time to set up an extensive satellite network with a 0.75 second delay for the electromagnetic spectrum to actually reach Earth, the same delay to get back, then probably a few seconds of processing and satellite linkage at either end. Before this point, there will be large period of time ( a Mars day is 1 day and 40 mins, so about half this) where no communication will be possible.
5) Additional issues
Spares. On earth, if something goes wrong you can probably find a replacement online and have it shipped within 5 business days, on mars this journey time could be years, so you would need vast warehouses full of replacement parts and spares - meaning all equipment would need to be relatively modular, with few specialist parts, at least until you can set up complicated electronics factories.
Food. Yes I keep referencing The Martian, but it got an awful lot right, you need a LOT of energy to grow food. Using an old question as a reference: everyone is going to eat sweet potatoes - long term they will get vitamin A poisoning which can give liver damage, but for a short term, they give the most calories compared to energy put into the system. I am going to assume a colony of 100 people and that they need 2000 calories a day (yes they are doing exercise, but low gravity so less calories), the number is "98,420,000 kcal/km^2/day, which can feed a total of 49,210 people on a 2000 kcal/day diet of sweet potatoes" if we use aeroponics bays. Now we only need 100 people, so we need about 2030 m^2 of aeroponics bays, now lets say 2500 for redundancy so we can have some spare food if the crops fail for whatever reason. This still needs HUGE amounts of nutrients - most of which could be regained from feces if you have the necessary equipment. BUT you also need huge amounts of high efficiency solar panels to power UV lights necessary to grow this amount of crops. It is too complicated and inefficient for livestock, so sweet potatoes it is!
Edit to include the moons:
the only difference here is that they would need slightly different set ups to account for slightly different gravities, and we don't have accurate enough information about what their geological composure is, so I'm not including them in section 3, but the rest STILL APPLIES